نوع من الإنشاء الطلبي رابعا- التمني
Sunday, March 4, 2018
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نوع من الإنشاء الطلبيرابعا- التمني
التمني نوع من الإنشاء الطلبي. وقد عرّفه سعد الدين التفتازاني (3) بقوله: «التمني، هو طلب حصول شيء على سبيل المحبة».
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(3) انظر مختصر سعد الدين التفتازاني على تلخيص المفتاح للخطيب القزويني ج 2 ص 239.
وعرفه ابن يعقوب المغربي بقوله: «هو طلب حصول الشيء بشرط المحبة ونفي الطماعية في ذلك الشيء»، فخرج ما لا يشترط فيه المحبة، كالأمر والنهي والنداء والرجاء بناء على أنه طلب، وأما نفي الطماعية فلتحقيق إخراج نوع الرجاء الذي فيه الإرادة، وإخراج غيره مما فيه الطماعية (1).
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(1) انظر مواهب الفتاح في شرح تلخيص المفتاح لابن يعقوب المغربي على هامش مختصر سعد الدين التفتازاني ج 2 ص 239.
ومن ذلك يتضح أن التمني: طلب أمر محبوب لا يرجى حصوله: إما لكونه مستحيلا، والإنسان كثيرا ما يجب المستحيل ويطلبه، وإما لكونه ممكنا غير مطموع في نيله.
فالأول: وهو طلب الأمر المحبوب الذي لا يرجى حصوله لكونه مستحيلا، مثل قول الشاعر:
ألا ليت الشباب يعود يوما … فأخبره بما فعل المشيب
وقول ابن الرومي في شهر رمضان:
فليت الليل فيه كان شهرا … ومرّ نهاره مرّ السحاب
وقول آخر:
ليت الكواكب تدنو لي فأنظمها … عقود مدح فما أرضى لكم كلمي
ونحو قول المتنبي:
ليت الحوادث باعتني الذي أخذت … منّي بحلمي الذي أعطت وتجريبي
فما الحداثة من حلم بمانعة … قد يوجد الحلم في الشبان والشيب (2)
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(2) الحلم هنا بمعنى العقل، والجمع حلوم وأحلام.
والثاني: وهو طلب الأمر المحبوب الذي لا يرجى حصوله لكونه ممكنا غير مطموع في نيله، نحو قوله تعالى: يا لَيْتَ لَنا مِثْلَ ما أُوتِيَ قارُونُ وقوله تعالى أيضا: يا لَيْتَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكَ بُعْدَ الْمَشْرِقَيْنِ.
وكقول مروان بن أبي حفصة في رثاء معن بن زائدة:
فليت الشامتين به فدوه … وليت العمر مدّ له فطالا
واللفظ الذي يدل بأصل وضعه اللغوي على التمني هو «ليت»، وقد يتمنى بثلاثة ألفاظ أخرى لغرض بلاغي، وهذه هي: «هل» و «لعل» و «لو».
فالغرض البلاغي المنشود من وراء التمني بلفظتي «هل» و «لعلّ» هو إبراز المتمني المستحيل وإظهاره في صورة الممكن القريب الحصول، لكمال العناية به والشوق إليه.
فمن أمثلة «هل» قوله تعالى: فَهَلْ لَنا مِنْ شُفَعاءَ فَيَشْفَعُوا لَنا، وقوله تعالى أيضا: فَهَلْ إِلى خُرُوجٍ مِنْ سَبِيلٍ وقول الشاعر:
أيا منزلي سلمى سلام عليكما … هل الأزمن اللائي مضين رواجع
ومن أمثلة «لعل» قوله تعالى: وَقالَ فِرْعَوْنُ يا هامانُ ابْنِ لِي صَرْحاً لَعَلِّي أَبْلُغُ الْأَسْبابَ، أَسْبابَ السَّماواتِ فَأَطَّلِعَ على إِلهِ مُوسى وقول الشاعر:
أسرب القطا هل من يعير جناحه … لعلي إلى من قد هويت أطير
والغرض البلاغي من استعمال «لو» في التمني، هو الإشعار بعزة المتمنّى وقدرته، لأن المتكلم يظهره في صورة الممنوع، إذ أن «لو» تدل بأصل وضعها على امتناع الجواب لامتناع الشرط.
ومن أمثلة ذلك قوله تعالى: فَلَوْ أَنَّ لَنا كَرَّةً فَنَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وقول جرير:
ولى الشباب حميدة أيامه … لو كان ذلك يشترى أو يرجع
وقول مسلم بن الوليد:
واها لأيام الصبا وزمانه … لو كان أسعف بالمقام قليلا (1)
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(1) واها: كلمة للتعجب من طيب الشيء، ومعنى واها لأيام الصبا: ما أطيب أيام الصبا.
وإذا كان الأمر المحبوب مما يرجى حصوله كان طلبه ترجّيا. وألفاظ الرجاء التي يطلب بها الأمر المحبوب المطموع فيه والممكن حصوله هي «لعل» و «عسى».
ومن أمثلة ذلك في القرآن الكريم قوله تعالى: لَعَلَّ اللَّهَ يُحْدِثُ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ أَمْراً، وقوله: فَعَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ بِالْفَتْحِ أَوْ أَمْرٍ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، وقوله:
عَسى رَبُّنا أَنْ يُبْدِلَنا خَيْراً مِنْها.
ومن الشعر:
لعل خيال العامرية زائر … فيسعد مهجور ويسعد هاجر
على الليالي التي أضنت بفرقتنا … جسمى ستجمعني يوما وتجمعه (1)
عسى فرج يأتي به الله إنه … له كل يوم في خليقته أمر
عسى الأيام أن تدني حبيبا … لقيت ببعده الكرب الشدادا
وقد تستعمل «ليت» في الرجاء لغرض بلاغي هو إبراز المرجو في صورة المستحيل مبالغة في بعد نيله.
ومن أمثلة ذلك:
فليت هوى الأحبة كان عدلا … فحمل كل قلب ما أطاقا
ليت الملوك على الأقدار معطية … فلم يكن لدنيء عندها طمع (2)
ليت المدائح تستوفي مناقبه … فما كليب وأهل الأعصر الأول؟
إن كان يجمعنا حبّ لغرّته … فليت أنا بقدر الحب نقتسم (3)
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(1) أضنت جسمي: أمرضته.
(2) أي ليت الملوك يعطون الشعراء على قدر فضلهم ونبل أنفسهم فلا يطمع في عطائهم دنيء خسيس.
(3) الغرة: الطلعة.
الكتاب: علم المعاني
المؤلف:عبد العزيز عتيق (المتوفى: 1396 هـ)
الناشر:دار النهضة العربية للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، بيروت - لبنان
المصدر : المكتبة الشاملة
Type of application constructionWishful thinkingWishful thinking is a type of student creation. Saad al-Din al-Tafazani (3) defined him as saying, "Hope is the request for something in the way of love."__________
(3) See the summary of Saad al-Din Tafazani to summarize the key to the Khatib Qazwini c 2 p. 239.The son of Yacoub al-Maghribi said: "He is asking for something to be achieved on the condition of love and the negation of obedience in that matter." So what is not required by love is like the command, the prohibition, the call and the hope based on the request, and the negation of the aspiration. (1).__________(1) See the talents of the opening to explain the summary of the key to the son of Jacob the Moroccan on the sidelines of a brief Saad Eddin Tafazani c 2 p.It is clear that wishful thinking: the request of a loved one is not accepted: either because it is impossible, and man often must impossible and ask him, or because it is possible to unscrupulous in obtaining it.The first is the request of the beloved order, which is not acceptable because it is impossible, as the poet said:If only young people would come back one day ... and tell him what he didIbn al-Rumi said in the month of Ramadan:And the night was in him for a month ... and the day passed by the cloudsAnd another saying:If the planets went down to me, then I would organize them ...Al-Mutanabi said:If only I had the accident that I took ... my dream that I gave and my experienceWhat modernity of the dream of resistance ... may exist dream in young men and gray (2)__________
(2) Dream here in the sense of reason, and the combination of dreams and dreams.The second is the request of the beloved command, which is not to be obtained because it is possible, but it is not supplicated in it.As Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa says in the laments of Maan ibn Zaydah:Flet the two shamans by Fdoh ... and let the age of his datalThe phrase that indicates the origin of his linguistic status on wishful thinking is "let", and he may wish three more words for the purpose of saying, "Is" and "may" and "if."The rhetorical purpose of the wishful thinking of "do" and "perhaps" is to highlight the impossible wannabe and to show it in the form of near-possible attainment, to take care of it and yearn for it.It is an example of «Does» the verse: Is it possible for us to intercede to pray for us, and the Almighty also said: Is to get out of the way and say the poet:Any house I salma peace on you ... Are the times that are floatingFor example, "Pharaoh said," O Haman, son of me, an explanation for the most telling reasons, the causes of the heavens, and I am acquainted with the God of Moses and the saying of the poet:The tribe of Qata is the one who will lend his wing ... to Ali who has been appointed to flyThe rhetorical purpose of using "lo" in wishful thinking is to give notice of the promise and ability of the speaker because the speaker shows him in the forbidden form.An example of this is the verse: If we have a ball and we will be believers, and say Jarir:And the young men are good days ... if it was bought or returnedAnd the words of Muslim bin Walid:Waha for the days of the boy and his time ... If he was a little helpful (1)__________(1) Waha: a word to wonder of the good thing, and the meaning of the days of the boy: What is the best days of childhood.And if the beloved thing is to be obtained, please request. And the words of hope, which is asked by the beloved and suppressed, which can be obtained are «perhaps» and «may».Examples of this in the Holy Quran says: Perhaps God then happens an order, and saying: God may come to the opening or command of him, and saying:May our Lord make us better.It is poetry:Perhaps the imagination of Amiria visitor ... Happy happy and happy HajarOn the nights that I added to our group ... My body will gather me once and gather it (1)May Faraj come to him by God ... He has every day in his creation orderedMay the days be low Habiba ... I have suffered the distress of distressThe use of "Let" in the hope of rhetorical purpose is to highlight the hope in the form of impossible to exaggerate after receiving.Examples include:Flet Hui's sweethearts were fair ... and every heart carried what was shedIf kings were to give fate ... it was not so greedy Greed (2)Let the praise be fulfilled ... What is the clip and the people of the first?If he brings us love for his age ... I am as much as we love (3)__________(1) I touched my body: I was sick.(2) Any kings that give poets to the virtue of virtue and nobility themselves do not covet in their submission despicable despicable.(3) the jealousy: the bird.
(3) See the summary of Saad al-Din Tafazani to summarize the key to the Khatib Qazwini c 2 p. 239.The son of Yacoub al-Maghribi said: "He is asking for something to be achieved on the condition of love and the negation of obedience in that matter." So what is not required by love is like the command, the prohibition, the call and the hope based on the request, and the negation of the aspiration. (1).__________(1) See the talents of the opening to explain the summary of the key to the son of Jacob the Moroccan on the sidelines of a brief Saad Eddin Tafazani c 2 p.It is clear that wishful thinking: the request of a loved one is not accepted: either because it is impossible, and man often must impossible and ask him, or because it is possible to unscrupulous in obtaining it.The first is the request of the beloved order, which is not acceptable because it is impossible, as the poet said:If only young people would come back one day ... and tell him what he didIbn al-Rumi said in the month of Ramadan:And the night was in him for a month ... and the day passed by the cloudsAnd another saying:If the planets went down to me, then I would organize them ...Al-Mutanabi said:If only I had the accident that I took ... my dream that I gave and my experienceWhat modernity of the dream of resistance ... may exist dream in young men and gray (2)__________
(2) Dream here in the sense of reason, and the combination of dreams and dreams.The second is the request of the beloved command, which is not to be obtained because it is possible, but it is not supplicated in it.As Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa says in the laments of Maan ibn Zaydah:Flet the two shamans by Fdoh ... and let the age of his datalThe phrase that indicates the origin of his linguistic status on wishful thinking is "let", and he may wish three more words for the purpose of saying, "Is" and "may" and "if."The rhetorical purpose of the wishful thinking of "do" and "perhaps" is to highlight the impossible wannabe and to show it in the form of near-possible attainment, to take care of it and yearn for it.It is an example of «Does» the verse: Is it possible for us to intercede to pray for us, and the Almighty also said: Is to get out of the way and say the poet:Any house I salma peace on you ... Are the times that are floatingFor example, "Pharaoh said," O Haman, son of me, an explanation for the most telling reasons, the causes of the heavens, and I am acquainted with the God of Moses and the saying of the poet:The tribe of Qata is the one who will lend his wing ... to Ali who has been appointed to flyThe rhetorical purpose of using "lo" in wishful thinking is to give notice of the promise and ability of the speaker because the speaker shows him in the forbidden form.An example of this is the verse: If we have a ball and we will be believers, and say Jarir:And the young men are good days ... if it was bought or returnedAnd the words of Muslim bin Walid:Waha for the days of the boy and his time ... If he was a little helpful (1)__________(1) Waha: a word to wonder of the good thing, and the meaning of the days of the boy: What is the best days of childhood.And if the beloved thing is to be obtained, please request. And the words of hope, which is asked by the beloved and suppressed, which can be obtained are «perhaps» and «may».Examples of this in the Holy Quran says: Perhaps God then happens an order, and saying: God may come to the opening or command of him, and saying:May our Lord make us better.It is poetry:Perhaps the imagination of Amiria visitor ... Happy happy and happy HajarOn the nights that I added to our group ... My body will gather me once and gather it (1)May Faraj come to him by God ... He has every day in his creation orderedMay the days be low Habiba ... I have suffered the distress of distressThe use of "Let" in the hope of rhetorical purpose is to highlight the hope in the form of impossible to exaggerate after receiving.Examples include:Flet Hui's sweethearts were fair ... and every heart carried what was shedIf kings were to give fate ... it was not so greedy Greed (2)Let the praise be fulfilled ... What is the clip and the people of the first?If he brings us love for his age ... I am as much as we love (3)__________(1) I touched my body: I was sick.(2) Any kings that give poets to the virtue of virtue and nobility themselves do not covet in their submission despicable despicable.(3) the jealousy: the bird.
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