الكلمة وأقسامها

الكلمة وأقسامها

الكلمةُ لفظٌ يدُّل على معنىً مُفردٍ.

وهي ثلاثةُ أقسام اسمٌ، وفعل، وحرف.

الاسم

الاسمُ ما دلَّ على معنىً في نفسه غير مُقترِنٍ بزمان كخالد وَفرَسٍ وعُصفورٍ ودارٍ وحنطةٍ وماء.

وعلامته أن يَصحّ الإخبارُ عنه كالتاء من "كتبتُ"، والالف من "كتبَا" والواو من "كتبوا"، أو يقبلَ "ألْ" كالرجل، أو التنوين، كفرَس، أو حرفَ النداء كيا أيُّها الناسُ، أو حرفَ الجرِّ كاعتمد على من تثِقُ به.

التنوين

التَّنوين نونٌ ساكنة زائدة، تَلحقُ أواخرَ الأسماء لفظاً، وتفارقُها خطاً ووَقعاً وهو ثلاثة اقسام

الأول تنوينُ التمكين وهو اللاحق للأسماء المُعرَبة المنصرفة كرجُلٍ وكتابٍ. ولذلك يُسمَّى "تنوينَ الصرف" أيضاً.

الثاني تنوينُ التَّنكير وهو ما يلحقُ بعضَ الاسماء المبنيَّة كاسم الفعل والعَلَم المختومِ به "وَيْه" فَرْقاً بين المعرفة منهما والنكرة، فما نُوِّنَ كان نكرةً. وما لم ينوَّن كان معرفة. مثلُ "صَه وصَهٍ ومَه ومَهٍ وإيه وإيهٍ"، ومثلُ "مررتُ بسيبويه وسيبويهٍ آخرَ"، أي رجلٍ آخرَ مُسمَّى بهذا الاسم.

(فالاول معرفة والآخر نكرة لتنوينه وإذا قلت "صه" فانما تطلب الى مخاطبك ان يسكت عن حديثه الذي هو فيه. واذا قلت له "مه" فأنت تطلب اليه ان يكف عما هو فيه واذا قلت له "ايه" فأنت تطلب منه الاستزادة من حديثه الذي يحدثك اياه. اما ان قلت له "صه ومه وايه" بالتنوين، فانما تطلب من السكون عنً كل حديث والكف عن كل شيء، والاستزادة من حديث اي حديث) .

الثالث تنوين العِوض وهو إما أن يكون عِوَضاً من مُفرد وهو ما يَلحقُ "كلاً وبعضاً وأيّاً "عوضاً مما تَضاف اليه، نحوُ "كلُّ يموت" أي كلُّ إنسان. ومنه قولُهُ تعالى {وكُلاًّ وعدَ اللهُ الحُسنى} وقوله {تِلكَ الرُّسُلُ فَضَّلنا بعضَهم على بعضٍ} ، وقوله {أياً ما تدْعُوا فله الأسماء الحُسنى} .

وإمَّا أن يكون عِوَضاً من جملة وهو ما يَلحقُ "إذْ"، عوضاً من جملةٍ تكون بعدها، كقوله تعالى {فَلَوْلا إِذْ بلغت الروحُ الحُلقوم، وأنتم حينئذٍ تَنظرُون} أي حينَ إذْ بلغت الروحُ الحلقوم.

وإمّا أن يكون عِوضاً من حرف. وهو ما يَلحقُ الأسماء المنقوصة الممنوعَة من الصَّرف، في حالتي الرفع والجرّ، عِوَضاً من آخرها المحذوف كجَوارٍ وغَواشٍ وعَوادٍ واعَيمٍ (تصغير أعمى) وراجٍ (علم امرأة) ونحوها من كل منقوص ممنوع من الصرف. فتنوينُها ليس تنوينَ صَرفٍ كتنوين الأسماء المنصرفة. لأنها ممنوعة منه، وإنما هو عِوضٌ من الياء المحذوفة. والأصل "جَواري وَغواشي وعَوادي وأَعيمي وراجِي".

أما في حال النصب فتُرد الياء وتُنصب بلا تنوينٍ، نحو "دفعتُ عنك وعواديَ. أكرمتُ أَعيميَ فقيراً. علَّمت الفتاةَ راجِيَ".

الفعل

الفعل ما دلّ على معنىً فى نَفْسه مُقترِن بزمانٍ كجاءَ ويَجيءُ وجيءَ.

وعلامته أن يقبلَ "قَدْ" أو "السينَ" أو سوْف"، أو "تاءَ التأنيثِ الساكنة،، أو "ضميرَ الفاعل"، أو "نون التوكيدِ" مثلُ قد قامَ. قدْ يقومُ. ستذهبُ. سوف نذهبُ. قامتْ. قمت. قمتِ. لِيكتبنّ. لَيكتبَنّ. اكتُبّن. اكتبَنْ".

الحرف

الحرفُ ما دلّ على معنىً في غيره، مثلُ "هَلْ وفي ولم وعلى وإنَّ ومِنْ". وليس له علامةٌ يَتميَّزُ بها، كما للاسمِ والفعل.

وهو ثلاثةُ أقسام حرفٌ مُختصٌّ بالفعل بالاسم كحروف الجرِّ، والأحرف التي تنصبُ الاسمَ وترفعُ الخبر. وحرفٌ مُشتركٌ بينَ الأسماء والأفعال كحروف العطف، وحرفيِ الاستفهام.

المصدر : جامع الدروس العربية.

LAMBORGHINI URUS

OVERVIEW

A super sports car soul and the functionality typical for an SUV: this is Lamborghini Urus, the world’s first Super Sport Utility Vehicle. Identifiable as an authentic Lamborghini with its unmistakable DNA, Urus is at the same time a groundbreaking car: the extreme proportions, the pure Lamborghini design and the outstanding performance make it absolutely unique. Urus’ distinctive silhouette with a dynamic flying coupé line shows its super sports origins, while its outstanding proportions convey strength, solidity and safety. Urus’ success factors are definitely the design, the driving dynamics and the performance. All these features allowed Lamborghini to launch a Super Sport Utility Vehicle remaining loyal to its DNA.

EMOTION

A distinct Lamborghini engine sound, coupled with traits of a sports car and SUV, provide the driver with a uniquely emotional experience. With its strong personality, pure design and absolute sportiness, Lamborghini Urus is one of a kind. The world’s first Super Sport Utility Vehicle is easy, safe and fun to drive, thanks to its ANIMA (Adaptive Network Intelligent MAnagement) Selector that delivers pure driving emotions and new specific settings for the best driving dynamics. Urus is a versatile car perfectly suited for everyday driving, but it also provides the distinct engine sound, all of the thrill and the high performance of a real Lamborghini.

EXTERIOR DESIGN

Lamborghini Urus has a cutting-edge, distinct and streamlined design with multiple souls: sporty, elegant and off-road. Its muscular surfaces make it appear strong and self-secure, while the mixed tires allow a luxury super sports car look. All the surfaces are designed with a clear attention to functionality. Some Lamborghini details and iconic shapes can be immediately recognized at first glance, such as the “Y” and the hexagon elements, the front bonnet with center peak and the cross lines on rear door. The extreme proportions and the single silhouette line make Urus a real Lamborghini. Furthermore, its proportions are unique since it is the lowest SUV  in its class. Urus design took inspiration from the heritage of the LM002 in regard to the power dome showing the position of the engine and the significant diagonal lines, while the frameless doors recall the iconic Marcello Gandini line.

INTERIOR

In the Lamborghini Urus interior, luxurious Italian craftsmanship meets state-of-the-art technology. The aeronautic design and the driver-oriented instrument concept with three TFT screens (one for the instruments, one for infotainment and one for comfort functions, including virtual keyboard feature with hand-writing recognition) put the driver’s needs at the forefront and make the overall experience more comfortable and enjoyable. The dashboard architecture follows the “Y” theme inspired by iconic Lamborghini models. The interior can be customized to be more elegant or more sporty, through the selection of different kinds of colors and materials, such as: natural leather, Alcantara®, wood finish, aluminum or carbon – with the option for further sophistication on select materials through contrast stitching or Q-citura. Urus features the largest range of options ever presented on a Lamborghini , with multiple souls converging to create a unique vehicle. Furthermore, Lamborghini Urus is the first five-seater super sports car.

DRIVING DYNAMICS

Lamborghini Urus is equipped with state-of-the-art of vehicle dynamics technology. It provides the most comprehensive standard driving dynamics equipment in the SUV segment. Urus ensures the best performance in every situation while also attaining the best weight-to-power ratio in the entire SUV segment, mainly thanks to its best-in-class driving dynamics with a unique, outstanding and completely adaptable package: 4-wheel-steering, 4-wheel-drive system with active rear torque vectoring, adaptive air suspension with active dampers, a roll stabilization system with continuous and immediate response, carbon ceramic brakes and rims up to 23" with mixed tires.

Source : https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/urus

Lamborghini Huracán Spyder

OVERVIEW

Designed to cut through the air and become one with the sky, the Huracán Spyder is the pinnacle of Italian taste and hand craftsmanship, a sports car concept elevated to the performance and sensation of a coupé.

The result? Behind you, the roar of the powerful V-10 engine. Above your head, an ultra-lightweight soft top that opens in just 17 seconds. Ahead, only the horizon awaits. Discover the unique characteristics and detailed technical specifications of the Huracán Spyder below.

EMOTION

The Lamborghini Huracán Spyder offers incredible performance, thanks to Lamborghini's ANIMA (Adaptive Network Intelligence MAnagement) technology, which allows the car to calibrate its character and seamlessly adapt to your needs.

The full potential of the Huracán Spyder is expressed in the STRADA setting, which provides a comfortable ride with maximum grip, ideal for both day-to-day use as well as longer journeys. If you're looking for thrills and fun while driving, then you will really appreciate the slightly oversteer capabilities of the SPORT setting.  On the other hand, the CORSA setting allows you to enjoy a racing-style drive and experiment with the Huracán Spyder's top performance.

EXTERIOR DESIGN

The design of the Huracán Spyder: every single element has been redesigned for the precise purpose of eliminating the roof without compromising any of the car’s aerodynamics or torsional stiffness.

Sculptured and sensual, its design is based on the spiky hexagonal forms of the carbon atom, while the seamless roof profile – visible even when the soft top is open – is an unmistakable part of Lamborghini's DNA.

INTERIOR

Inside, the sporty yet elegant interiors were developed to provide both ample space and exceptional comfort. Every detail is designed to make your driving experience natural and stimulating in a passenger compartment with the highest quality finish.

DRIVING DYNAMICS

On the one hand, you will have the incredible power and acceleration of a longitudinal mid-mount naturally aspirated V-10 engine. On the other, you have all the technology of the Lamborghini Doppia Frizione (LDF) dual-clutch transmission and the electronically controlled all-wheel drive system for all driving conditions.

This means you can have all the power you need and at the same time the fun, exhilarating drive you desire every day.

Source : https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/models/huracan/huracan-spyder

BMW i8 Roadster

The future is taking shape – in the form of the first ever BMW i8 Roadster. Enthusiastic, fascinating and ready to reinterpret freedom. For unconditional driving pleasure, as far as the road goes. From the first glimpse of the iconic design adrenaline levels rise. The tachometer shoots up just as fast: the innovative plug-in hybrid engine generates 374 hp and 570 Nm and accelerates the BMW i8 Roadster from 0 to 100 km/ h in just 4.6 seconds. The fastest route to experience a new form of freedom.

THE ULTIMATE PRESENCE.

The BMW i8 Roadster reveals itself as futuristic right down to the last detail. Its progressive lines speak a formal language that can hardly be more dynamic. The most striking feature: the imposing lightweight carbon-fibre hinged doors, which can be opened comfortably. The athletic front continues to display the individual character of the car and proudly bears the BMW double kidney, flanked by full-LED headlights and redesigned Air Curtains. Starting at the bonnet, the distinctive V-shaped black belt stretches along the entire car, underscoring its flat silhouette. The impressive streamflow design also optimises airflow and creates unprecedented aerodynamics. Thus, the BMW i8 Roadster is a perfect symbiosis of form and function that knows only one destination: ultimate freedom.

"This is what we call pure open e-mobility. With this open-top two-seater we are going for the pole position in the open hybrid sports cars segment.“

KLAUS FRÖHLICH, BOARD MEMBER, BMW AG

FREE. SPACE.

The interior of the BMW i8 Roadster also underscores its unique character. This is immediately apparent from the exclusive feature line Accaro Amido/E-Copper. The interior also reflects the dynamic lines of the exterior design, creating a futuristic dynamic throughout the cockpit. The centre cockpit is inclined to the driver and the controls are arranged intuitively – ensuring maximum driver orientation and clarity. Optimum lateral support and maximum comfort are provided by the new electrically-adjustable sport seats with memory function. Behind the seats is additional storage space. With the optional Travel Packet, retractable dividers and an extra Nappa Leather map pocket are available. In the dark, the LED interior lighting ensures a high-quality ambience. The contour lines of the doors, the instrument panel, the centre console and the steering wheel can be optionally and alternately dipped in the colours EfficientDynamics Blue, Amber Yellow and White.

REVOLUTIONARY SPEEDSTER.

The BMW i8 Roadster takes even the headwind’s breath away. This is not only due to its athletic appearance, but also its streamlined body, the extreme lightweight construction and the layered design of the LED tail lights, which the wind flows through.

46 g/km

Drive ahead and leave practically nothing behind - thanks to the intelligent energy management of the BMW i8 Roadster. It coordinates the interaction between the electric motor and the battery with the combustion engine – always geared towards maximum performance with minimum consumption. This creates a powerful plug-in hybrid system with enormous efficiency, as evidenced by the combined consumption of only 2.1 l/100 km and CO2 emissions of up to 46 g/km.

THE FREEDOM TO REACH EVERYTHING.

Charging or refuelling – both are easy to handle in the new BMW i8 Roadster with the comprehensive product and service package 360° ELECTRIC. At home, you can easily charge your BMW i8 with the BMW i Wallbox or the charging cable – if you wish, you can also use sustainable generated electricity from BMW Green Energy powered by NATURSTROM. A personalised consultation, the professional assembly and the initial setup are all ensured by a qualified electrician. On the road, you’ll find an ever-growing number of public charging stations that you can easily use with the ChargeNow card. Find out where the next charging station is with the ChargeNow app or, alternatively, directly in your BMW i8 Roadster: for example, via the fully-networked BMW ConnectedDrive services for navigation.

Source : https://www.bmw.co.id/en/all-models/bmw-i/i8-roadster/2017/bmw-i8-roadster.html

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